To the extent that you voluntarily provide personal information to us, our systems will associate the automatically collected information with your personal information. We use this data to improve our Site and our service offerings. The information we collect automatically is used for statistical data and will not include personal information. Among other things, we will collect data about the type of computer you use, your Internet connection, your IP address, your operating system, and your browser type. This will generally include information about your location, your traffic pattern through our Site, and any communications between your computer and our Site. Information we collect through automatic data collection technologyĪs you navigate through the Site, we may use automatic data collection technologies including Google Analytics to collect certain information about your equipment, browsing actions, and patterns. We use information you provide to us to deliver the requested product and/or service, to improve our overall performance, and to provide you with offers, promotions, and information. We collect information that users provide by filling out forms on the Site, communicating with us via contact forms, responding to surveys, search queries on our search feature, providing comments or other feedback, providing information when ordering a product or service via the Site, and other circumstances where collecting personal information is reasonable and permitted by the Laws of the State of Victoria, Australia. The Site provides various places for users to provide information. Midnight Music understands the importance of protecting your personal information and undertakes to adhere to this privacy policy at all times to ensure your personal information is effectively safeguarded. The Site is operated by Midnight Music Pty Ltd ABN 87 619 652 603 (“Midnight Music” or “Company” or “we” or “us”). This is the Privacy Policy for the Midnight Music website located at (“Site”). You can visit the Canva Support Website to view the infographic about additional shortcuts to help in creating your own unique classroom materials at Canva Keyboard Shortcuts to increase the font by one pointĪre you ready for more time saving shortcuts in Canva? Shift + Command/Ctrl +, to decrease the font by one point When you are designing, it may also be helpful to adjust font sizes by one point at a time to get a perfect fit. Shift + arrow keys to move items 10 pixels at a time For example, you can select an item and press:Īrrow keys to move elements 1 pixel at a time in any direction You may also find that you need to precisely move elements in your design. This shortcut works by clicking on an object then pressing:Ĭommand/Ctrl + to arrange element backward and forwardĬommand/Ctrl + alt/option + to send elements all the way to the back You can also use this shortcut to quickly send elements to the back of your design too. The bracket keys will allow you to select the next (or previous) element on your page and move it to the front to make any changes needed. In Canva, you do this by using the bracket keys. It can become challenging to select just one of them especially if it is buried beneath many other things! You can use keyboard shortcuts to easily move each element forward and backward. As you are designing in Canva, elements, like pictures, borders, and text, often get layered on top of one another.
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On November 20, after objections from Time Warner Cable subscribers over the planned rebranding, the provider announced that it would append the "Time Warner Cable News" brand to the beginning of the NY1 name, while "NY1" would continue to be used on-air as a primary brand. The reasoning for the name change was due to the perception by the company that Time Warner Cable subscribers did not know that the provider owns its regional news channels and are largely exclusive to its systems (NY1 is an exception, as it is also carried by the other major cable provider in the New York City market, Cablevision). On March 14, 2013, Time Warner Cable announced plans to rebrand NY1, News 14 Carolina and the Your News Now networks under the uniform brand TWC News by the end of the year, along with the adoption of new on-air logos and a standardized graphics and music package for each of the channels. The branding change was implemented on that channel on Januhowever, News 14 would ultimately retain its name for another two years. News 8 gradually made the transition first, beginning with the adoption of the "YNN Austin" brand on its Facebook and Twitter accounts. In March 2010, Time Warner Cable announced plans to expand the brand to News 8 Austin and News 14 Carolina. On February 12, 2010, Time Warner Cable announced plans to have the remainder of its New York–based news channels – with the exception of NY1 – adopt the "YNN" brand that March. In August 2009, TWC launched YNN Buffalo on its Buffalo, New York area systems the "YNN" brand (which stood for "Your News Now") was later adopted that August on its Rochester news channel (then known as "R News"). Logo as Your News Now used from 2009 to 2013. For almost all of the channels (excepting NY1), graphic designer John Christopher Burns (previously employed by then-sister company Turner Broadcasting in the 1980s) was responsible for the creation of the logo and overall looks for every channel, beginning with Bay News 9 in 1997. A Milwaukee channel was at one point in the planning stages, but a local sports channel was launched instead. These were followed by the launches of News 8 Austin in 1999, News 14 Carolina and News 24 Houston in 2002 and News 9 San Antonio in 2003 (the latter two channels would shut down in 2004), Capital News 9 in 2002, and finally News 10 Now in 2003. The provider later acquired GRC9News in Rochester, New York in 1995 (the result of Time Warner Cable assuming franchise rights in the area), and launched two more channels in Florida in 1997, Bay News 9 in Tampa and Central Florida News 13 in Orlando (which were both spun off to Bright House Networks in 2001). Time Warner Cable (at the time, a subsidiary of media conglomerate Time Warner) launched its first regional cable news channel on September 8, 1992, with the rollout of the New York City–based NY1. In July 2022, Charter added all Spectrum News networks, including NY1, Bay News 9 and News 13, to their Spectrum TV mobile and smart TV apps within the 2200s tier of channels, allowing nationwide access to their full suite of networks for Spectrum subscribers. With the exception of NY1 and the Spectrum News channel for Dallas-Fort Worth (which is available over-the-air and on competing cable companies by virtue of KAZD's must-carry status), all of the channels are available only via Charter-owned pay television in their respective markets, not appearing on Verizon FiOS, AT&T U-verse, DirecTV or Dish Network. Each of the 15 regional channels primarily focus on local news, weather and sports coverage in their given areas, in addition to national and international news stories. Spectrum News (formerly Time Warner Cable News) is the brand for a slate of cable news television channels that are owned by Charter Communications through its acquisition of Time Warner Cable in May 2016. YNN (City/Region Name) (All Spectrum News channels outside of North Carolina) (varies, The Capital Region channel is not yet available in HD Central New York feed is transmitted in 720p HD)
Go up the ladder and into the open doors to explore and fight, but the exit is down on the bottom of the hold, a door with a small slit in it. Second to last is Neverland, down in that confusing hold again. Third to last is a trip back to Oogie's roulette wheel, which if nothing else is a cool showcase of the Halloweentown character designs once more. Brush up your swimming skills for another trip to Atlantica, where there are lots of Jellyfish to kill. Incidentally, none of these battles should be much of a challenge, which is part of what makes this little sequence so annoying. Next up is Agrabah, Fat Bandits and swordsmen. Last on the first ring of worlds is Deep Jungle, with lots of monkeys. Then, we're off to the Coliseum, with Defenders and gargoyles. The next blue light leads to Wonderland, with Heartless wizards. Whack the bad guys and leave by the exit. The first step is Traverse Town, full of Soldiers and Large Bodies. Each level has a treasure chest, so find those before exiting. Yes, you guessed it, this is one of those old fight-every-boss-again things. Go to the blue light on the other side, to be transported to another mouth. Now you're in what looks like a big mouth. Use Glide to drop down from ledge to ledge, clearing chests and killing Heartless, until you reach the bottom, which is veined with glowing light. In this next area, the Giant Crevasse, there are items and enemies everywhere. Well, if want to experience the ambiance with food then head to the Amritsr restaurant in Dubai which is an Indian restaurant in Dubai. If you are a food lover then you should read this article and try to cook this dish at your home. These could be a few steps of the recipe of Chicken American Chopsuey. Wait for a while until the sauce becomes thick. Lessen the heat of the gas and add the diluted cornflour. Add some amount of water and bring the gravy to a boil. Add some seasoning like salt, black pepper, and white pepper and stir fry it for about 15 minutes.ĥ. Add all the vegetables you have and the sauces and mix them well properly.Ĥ. Add the chicken pieces and stir-fry them for five minutes on medium flame.ģ. Add the chopped pieces of garlic and saute the mixture for a few seconds.Ģ. Heat a little amount of cooking oil in a wok or a saucepan. From vegetables to fried chicken, anything tastes good with it. Remove on paper towels and set aside the noodles separately.ġ. This sweet and spicy sauce is quite a multi-purpose one. Take another bowl of boiled noodles and repeat the same process. Drain them with the help of kitchen napkins. Deep fry the noodles till they become light brown and crisp. Fry them for some period of time on a high flame.ģ. Take a handful of boiled noodles and add them to the heated oil. Boil the noodles as per the packet guidelines, after some time drain and cool the mixture.Ģ. Egg Hakka noodles (eggs should be contained) – about 300 gramsġ.Corn flour mixed with a quarter cup of water.Ingredients used in the recipe of Chicken American Chopsuey Deep fry the noodles over high heat till brown. Add the water mixture and cook, stirring continuously. Heat the 2 Tbsp oil and add the onions and garlic. Amritsr restaurant is known for its numerous Indian delicacies and Chinese delicacies, Chicken American Chopsuey is among them. Mix together the vinegar, soya sauce, sugar, salt and cornflour and add enough water to make up to a cup. And furthermore, you can have this dish from the best Indian restaurant in Dubai. In this article, we will explain the recipe for Chicken American Chopsuey and its ingredients. In other words, chop suey is a dish that is made with leftovers that you may have in your refrigerator or kitchen into a mixed combination of meat and vegetables, that are coated in a delectable sauce. The word is bifurcated into two words “Chop suey or ‘tsap sui’ in Chinese, which means “odds and ends”. Once all the preparations are done, this becomes a huge pot meal of a sumptuous dish. The presentation of this dish is quite wonderful. This dish contains a thick sauce that is loaded with various vegetables and chicken is also sprinkled over crispy noodles along with fried eggs. This dish is one of the brilliant twists put on Chinese dishes. American Chopsuey is the name you must be familiar with. Ship chilled, except for ParaPak® which should be kept at room temperature. Intestinal swab or fecal swab in anaerobic transport media shipped at room temperatureĬlostridium perfringens genotyping PCR to further identify which genes for which toxins are presentįresh feces in leak-proof sterile containerįresh fecal sample in sterile container (fill to line on container but do not overfill) or in ParaPak® transport media to assist with Salmonella recovery Tied off loop of bowel refrigerated and less than 24 hour old or frozen If history indicates may also want to consider Brucella ovis ELISA* which is performed on serum. If convalescent samples will not be collected, or when infectious abortion is strongly suspected due to history, immediate testing of acute sample may be warranted. To avoid testing acute samples twice, hold and submit with convalescent samples. If second, convalescent samples are later submitted, tests on both samples will be run in parallel and fees for both samples will be charged. If acute samples are submitted alone please indicated if all tests should be performed. When acute and convalescent samples are/will be collected, for most serology assays they should always be tested in parallel, and paired results interpreted. Maternal heparin whole blood (green top tube) Maternal EDTA whole blood (lavender top tube) If indicated, add Virus Isolation (VI) on Fresh tissue: lung, placenta including cotyledons, abomasal contents, kidney, liver, heart, adrenal, skin. If indicated, add Border Disease SN (OBDVSN) to heart blood (serum), peritoneal, pleural or pericardial fluid in sterile red top tube. If placentitis present, consider adding Coxiella burnetii PCR (COXPCR) to placenta if not available use abomasal contents if neither available use lung. Ship fresh tissue chilled and protect fixed tissue from freezing. If full necropsy desired, see necropsy testing. Submit 2 fresh tissue samples: placenta including cotyledons and fetal kidney stomach contents acceptableįresh tissue: liver placenta including cotyledons, adrenal, intestine, spleen, kidney, lung Placenta including cotyledons if no placenta use lungįetal heart blood or pleural, pericardial or peritoneal effusion in a red top tubeįormalin fixed tissue: placenta, liver, lung, brain, adrenal, heart, thymus, small intestine, kidney, fetal skin Liver preferred placenta if liver unavailable If either one is not available, use abomasal contents in a red top tube. Submit 2 fresh tissue samples: placenta including cotyledons and liver. Submit 3 fresh tissue samples: placenta, lung, and stomach contents - labelled and individually bagged for individual aerobic cultureįresh lung if not available, use spleen or heartīovine Virus Diarrhea Virus (BVDV) SN, Type 1įetal heart blood or pleural, pericardial or peritoneal effusion in a red top tube.īovine Virus Diarrhea Virus (BVDV) SN, Type 2 See Small Animal Internal Medicine, 5th Edition, 2014, Nelson RW and Couto CG Chapter 88: Fever of Unknown Origin, pages 1279-1282 for other ideas of testing. This plan is intended to be used as an adjunct to targeted, disease-specific testing appropriate to the species, clinical history and geographic location or conditions. Viral causes of illness are best detected acutely and most are unlikely to be detected in a patient with a chronic fever of unknown origin. This diagnostic plan is designed to detect a broad spectrum of systemic bacterial, viral, and some blood parasite causes of acute fever of unknown origin, as well as certain inflammatory changes which may assist in determining the underlying problems. It may be helpful to collect and bank a serum sample for possible acute and convalescent serology. To order blood culture bottles, go to shipping supplies or call 607.253.3935. See Blood Culture Technique for more information. Ship chilled except for blood culture bottles and slides which are shipped at room temperature. Nasal swab in 0.5ml sterile saline to keep moist (not wet) Heparinized plasma (separated from a green top tube) or (2) tubes EDTA whole blood (lavender top tube) (3) inoculated anaerobic blood culture bottles (3) inoculated aerobic/fungal blood culture bottles To diagnose septicemia post-mortem fresh lung, kidney, spleen, and lymph node (tracheobronchial preferred) If not previously performed a large animal chemistry panel may be warranted and serum (separated) or heparinized plasma would need to be submitted. If case is chronic, virus isolation can be omitted if desired. It supports 1/2 screen size or full screen. RecordMyScreen is the free open screen recorder both for jailbroken and non-jailbroken iOS devices. If you are tired of these old ways, you can learn new following ways to record videos. Or some people choose to link iOS with computers by USB connection, to use screen recorder app on Mac computer. You can apply both on Windows and Mac computers to record iOS devices. 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After you press recording icon on the overlay, everything you have done will be recorded on the Android screen record apk. To remind yourself the recordation has became, you can set three-second countdown option before. You can set timers to count down recording time. There is no need to link Android with your computer, just for recording screen shots. With simple and easy video recording interface, it is enough to shoot with Unlimited Screen Recorder. The output Android recordation will not contain any watermark or ads. Moreover, once you want to record videos on Android, just click the shoot icon in red square. Or you can set the approximate shooting time period at first. The unlimited video recording length enables users to record enough to videos. Just as the Android screen recorder apk name has shown, you can shoot videos as long as you can. Therefore, you can apply Mobizen Screen Capture to record daily experience and gameplay in free way. With various basic and updating video filters on Mobizen Screen Recorder, you can remove watermark from videos with latest Android screen capture apk version. Even though someone want to use Android screen recorder to take long videos, Mobizen can save the recorded videos to SD card with external memory room. You can get 1080p video resolutions, in 12.0Mbps and 60 FPS. Mobizen Screen recorder offers clean interface and easy to use operations without rooting. Furthermore, you can trim and merge videos after recording Android screens. You can set video resolution, choose overlay, draw on screen, use countdown timer and other filters. In addition, AZ Screen Recorder provides video editing filters and effects for you to choose. The floating screen capture window can make sure users get any screenshot. Moreover, it enables users to convert HD to FullHD and add audios easily. You can output Andorid screen record videos without watermark, root require and time limitation. AZ Screen RecorderĪZ Screen Recorder allows users to pause and resume during recording. Or you can try the following apk to simplify recordation. The normal method to get Android screen recorder is USB connection. If you installed Google Play Games, you can record gameplay directly, with the installation from it. This guy hung up on me saying the last words: “Thanks for wasting my fucking time” I’ll be doing my project in the future, I know how it works, but I know more which company I shouldn’t do this with and it is Trinity Solar. He tried to force me to continue and when I said NO several times he started cursing and cursing, I was amazed seeing this guy I just met selling me this company tone a reputable one, but having someone so unprofessional working for them who denotes how bad and unreliable this company is. This guy started using words like: it should be okay, trust me, trust me in this one, everything will be fine, etc words people use whenever they do not have facts for what they are saying. I told him about this and he said: oh no it’s okay we can always add more panels (I wonder why don’t you do it since the beginning? You know this wouldn’t cover my electric bill since my yearly consumption is projected to be 28,000 KWh). which means that these panels they were installing for $15k+ were not going to be enough even for a 3 month use of my electric bill. Next day I have some time to review the project and realized that the 5,000KWH WAS MEANT TO BE PRODUCED IN 1 YEAR. I told him I was kind of busy to read all that right now to read all the docs and needed some time for it and he said: just sign it and you will have 7 business days to cancel it in case you need to. He shows me the main bullet points of the amazing 25 years contract with penalties for me if I were to cancel before that and the panels would never be mine and I wouldn’t get the government credit either. He said that in order for him to give me information he needed my social security number to submit an application of my credit and I said that I didn’t want to submit an application and that I just wanted information, anyway I gave him all the info he wanted and we proceeded.Ģ weeks after he shows up again and came with a proposal: I gave him a three month bill (I only had been living in my house for 3 months) with 7,000KWH and he has a project to cover 5,000 KWH yearly and having myself pay 60 dollars to Trinity and 33 to Met Ed for a total of 93( approximately. The following 2 weeks with guy shows up and start talking about their programs etc, I told him I was not interested in doing it at the time and I just wanted to get information. At the end I accepted the appointment with no obligation. I told them I was not interested and they said: just give us the opportunity to give you information with no obligation let us schedule an appointment for you. I was playing in my yard with my kids and I see these 2 guys walking into my driveway with no permission to do so, I’m a kind guy so I talked to them, they talked to me about Trinity Solar and the Gov green energy program. So, I recommend not installing solar panels if your roof is old and you plan to replace the roof in the near future. I don't think they purposely misinformed me, but If I knew it would cost so much and that the limited warranty on the roof would only apply if I used a Sunnova subcontractor, I would not have chosen to install the solar system in the first place. So, Trinity really misled me to believe that it would be inexpensive and relatively easy to remove and re-install the panels. So, in order to maintain the warranty for any roof damage that might be incurred during the re-installation, I have to go through Sunnova, the company that owns the panels. I got a very good quote from a local roofing company, which Trinity could not match. I guess they are in the roofing business as well. When I called Trinity, they said they would not remove and re-install the panels unless they could also replace the roof. However, I now need to replace the roof on the house. I haven't had any troubles with the system or my roof and have seen a reduction in my electric bill as promised. The people who actually installed the system did a good job and worked hard to install the electric panel in the proper position in my basement. They told me it would cost only about $500. Before I agreed to sign the 25-year contract, I informed them that my roof was old and asked how much it would cost to remove and then re-install the panels if I wanted to replace the roof. They told me it would cost me nothing and that my electric bill would be reduced by about $35/month. Trinity Solar convinced me to install 10 solar panels on my house about 5 years ago. Find the hottest sneaker drops from brands like retro11-snakeskin, Jordan, Nike, Under Armour, …ADVERTISEMENT. Shop the latest selection of Jordan Retro 11 Snakeskin Collection at Foot Locker. Jordan Retro 11 sneakers like Legend Blue, True Red White, Cool Grey, Sail. There have been a few recent Retro 11 releases as well. Snake Skin, and the Jordan 11 Retro Space Jams. Find the hottest sneaker drops from brands like retro11-snakeskin, Jordan, Nike, Under Armour, …Buy and sell Air Jordan 11 Size 14 shoes at the best price on StockX, the live marketplace for StockX Verified Air Jordan sneakers and other popular new releases. A Tour Yellow Jumpman logo appears on the heel and on the insole. The eye-catching look features a crisp white leather upper contrasted with a bold yellow snakeskin mudguard. These Jordan 1s are super nice in hand, something that I didn't know I would like that.The Women’s Air Jordan 11 Low “Yellow Snakeskin” is a women’s-exclusive colorway of Michael Jordan’s iconic eleventh signature shoe with unique snakeskin detailing. Like the player who wore them, the Air Jordan 1 is a revered and unforgettable legend.Today I get the Jordan 1 Chicago Satin Snake Skin in for a close look. Indeed, Nike would re-release the Air Jordan 1 in 1994, 19, calling these other versions the Jordan 1 Retro. The outsoles are made of icy blue translucent rubber, and …The shoe's outlaw status remained, making it a constantly and consistently desired item. The navy and black snakeskin mudguards make a bold statement on white uppers and midsoles. The Jordan 11 Retro Low Snakeskin came out on April 29, 2019. The original Navy Snakeskin was released on May 1, 2001. 14d 16h.The Jordan 11 Low is the same as the mid-cut shoe but in a shorter cut.
Perfect for beginners, this gentle horseback ride goes at your speed while giving you a long 2 hours to journey through the tropical forest. The province of Guanacaste is situated on Costa Rica’s northwest shoulder, bordered by Nicaragua in the north and the Nicoya Peninsula in the south. Relaxed and breathtaking, this adventure lets you enjoy both the landscape and the Costa Rican people. The best way to enjoy the lush countryside is on horseback, allowing you to truly appreciate the picturesque view of Poas Volcano’s slopes, pastures, and the local Bajos del Toro community. El Silencio Horseback Riding in the Cloud ForestĮl Silencio Lodge & Spa offers a number of onsite amenities for all, from wine tasting and waterfall hikes to riverside dinners and thrill-seeking adventure tours – the perfect place to sample a bit of everything Costa Rica has to offer. Once you’re ready to relax, you’ll enjoy an authentic Tico lunch with a gorgeous view of the Sarapiqui River. This tour is available from the Peace Lodge. The horseback ride takes you along the Sarapiqui River for an hour, at which point you arrive at the first zip line platform! You’ll zip through the trees and deeper into the dense forest. This Hacienda Pozo Azul tour combines scenic horseback riding with a 12-zip line canopy adventure. Hacienda Pozo Azul Zipline & Horseback Ride from Peace Lodge By now, you’ll have worked up quite an appetite – luckily, you’ll be provided a delightful Costa Rican lunch with a view of the river to match! This tour is available from the Peace Lodge. Seeking bigger thrills? Visit during the rainy season (May through December) to enjoy an even more exciting river with the high water levels and more challenging rapids of the pristine and scenic Sarapiqui River. Once you’re done horseback riding, get ready for an exciting 2 ½ hour rafting adventure on the Sarapiqui River with rapids between classes I-III. Hacienda Pozo Azul Rafting & Horseback Ride from Peace LodgeĪfter a wonderfully scenic drive to Hacienda Pozo Azul, you’ll be prepped for your horseback ride along the gleaming Sarapiqui River. During your ride, you’ll be guided through the exclusive trails where you can appreciate the dense forests and pastures, where you’ll have the more gorgeous view of the Arenal Volcano and Lake Arenal. Once you’re done taking in the breathtaking scenery, you’ll enjoy a horseback ride with Paco’s Horses. Your expert naturalist guide will walk you through the hanging bridges overlooking the canopy.ĭuring the hike, you’ll enjoy 8 fixed bridges and 6 hanging bridges – designed for both beauty and safety. The private natural ecotourism reserve consists of 250 hectares of tropical rainforest, giving visitors a chance to experience the vast array of wildlife, birds, flora and lush vegetation. Though swimming near the waterfall itself is not advised, take a swim in the river to cool off! Arenal Hanging Bridges Hike & Paco’s Horseback Riding TourĬosta Rica is focused on letting visitors enjoy the countries natural beauty while protecting it for future generations, this includes the Arenal Hanging Bridges. You will then be guided to the Silencio Observation Point where you will have time to view the Arenal Volcano – up close! Once you’ve returned to the stables, your guide will take you on a steep but safe hike to the La Fortuna Waterfall. Perfect for horse-lovers who want to bask in the beauty of the Arenal Conservation Area, this hour-long tour takes a gradually inclining trail through farmlands – allowing you to take in the gorgeous natural flora. El Silencio Horseback Riding & La Fortuna Waterfall Hike With so much of Costa Rica to explore, it never hurts to have a little guidance! Here are 14 of our favorite riding destinations from beginners to adventurers, there’s a destination or tour for everyone. However, there’s something to be said for the authentic nature of a horseback ride along the beaches, mountains, near waterfalls, or up close and personal to the Arenal Volcano!Įxplore Costa Rica with a knowledgeable and friendly guide, providing interesting information about the location, landscape and endless wildlife you’re sure to come across. Costa Rica’s diverse, beautiful landscape and extraordinary biodiversity can be explored and enjoyed in many ways from cars and ATVs to hiking and rafting. On the surface of the Ewald sphere all the points of reciprocal space are found that are seen by the detector. Its radius is 1/λ, with λ the wavelength of the incident radiation. In reciprocal space the Ewald sphere has its center in the sample. If the fiber is tilted away from the perpendicular direction by an angle β, as well the information about its molecular structure in reciprocal space (trihedron labelled s-space) is tilted. Reference direction is the primary beam (label: X-ray). It is based on the notions proposed by Polanyi. The animation shows the geometry of fiber diffraction. In the animation 1 Polanyi sphere with 1 reflection on it is monitored Structure information is in reciprocal space (black axes), expanded on surfaces of Polanyi spheres. Fiber diffraction data led to several important advances in the development of structural biology, e.g., the original models of the α-helix and the Watson-Crick model of double-stranded DNA.įiber diffraction geometry Fiber diffraction geometry changes as the fiber is tilted (tilt-angle β is between the blue rigid axis and the axis labelled s-space). The correct equation for the determination of β has been presented by Norbert Stribeck.įibrous materials such as wool or cotton easily form aligned bundles, and were among the first biological macromolecules studied by X-ray diffraction, notably by William Astbury in the early 1930s. It eliminates fiber tilt, unwarps the detector image, and corrects the scattering intensity. The digital method frequently called Fraser correction starts from the Franklin approximation for the tilt angle β. In crystallography first an approximation of the mapping into reciprocal space is computed that is refined iteratively. This is the plane that contains the cylinder axis in reciprocal space. Analysis starts by mapping the distorted 2D pattern on the representative plane of the fiber. Later Rosalind Franklin and Raymond Gosling have carried out their own geometrical reasoning and presented an approximative equation for the fiber tilt angle β. The corresponding geometric distortion has been extensively studied by Michael Polanyi introducing the concept of Polanyi's sphere (German: "Lagenkugel") intersecting Ewald's sphere. The reason is that the fiber axis and the incident beam (X-rays, electrons, neutrons) cannot be perfectly oriented perpendicular to each other. They only show mirror symmetry about the meridian. Non-ideal fiber patterns are obtained in experiments. In crystallography artificial fiber diffraction patterns are generated by rotating a single crystal about an axis ( rotating crystal method). Reflexions on the meridian are 00l-reflexions. Reflexions on the i-th layer line share l= i. Reflexions are labelled by the Miller index hkl, i.e. Bent layer lines indicate that the pattern must be straightened. Thus, in fiber diffraction the layer line concept of crystallography becomes palpable. In fiber patterns these reflexions clearly appear arranged along lines ( layer lines) running almost parallel to the equator. In case of fiber symmetry, many more reflexions than in single-crystal diffraction show up in the 2D pattern. In the ideal pattern the fiber axis is called the meridian, the perpendicular direction is called equator. The ideal fiber pattern exhibits 4-quadrant symmetry. High intensity is represented by dark color. Ideal fiber diffraction pattern of a semi-crystalline material with amorphous halo and reflexions on layer lines. 2 instead of 3 co-ordinate directions suffice to describe fiber diffraction. Materials science considers fiber symmetry a simplification, because almost the complete obtainable structure information is in a single two-dimensional (2D) diffraction pattern exposed on photographic film or on a 2D detector. In crystallography fiber symmetry is an aggravation regarding the determination of crystal structure, because reflexions are smeared and may overlap in the fiber diffraction pattern. Such uniaxial symmetry is frequent with filaments or fibers consisting of biological or man-made macromolecules. In fiber diffraction the scattering pattern does not change, as the sample is rotated about a unique axis (the fiber axis). Subarea of scattering, an area in which molecular structure is determined from scattering dataįiber diffraction is a subarea of scattering, an area in which molecular structure is determined from scattering data (usually of X-rays, electrons or neutrons). |
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